Alcohols & Homologous Series Explained
Master the Organic Chemistry of Alcohols for CAIE O Level 5070 and IGCSE 0620. Everything from General Formulas to Industrial Manufacturing.
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What is a Homologous Series?
In Chemistry, a Homologous Series is a family of organic compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties. Alcohols are a homologous series containing the -OH (hydroxyl) functional group.
Key Characteristics of the Alcohol Series:
- General Formula: The homologous series of alcohols has general formula $C_nH_{2n+1}OH$.
- Functional Group: -OH (Hydroxyl group).
- Chemical Similarity: They undergo similar chemical reactions (e.g., combustion, oxidation).
- Physical Trends: As the chain length increases, the viscosity increases and the boiling point increases.
The First 4 Alcohols in the Homologous Series
| Name | Molecular Formula | Physical State |
|---|---|---|
| Methanol | $CH_3OH$ | Liquid |
| Ethanol | $C_2H_5OH$ | Liquid |
| Propan-1-ol | $C_3H_7OH$ | Liquid |
| Butan-1-ol | $C_4H_9OH$ | Liquid |
Ethanol: The Key Member
Ethanol ($C_2H_5OH$) belongs to the homologous series called alcohols. It is manufactured industrially via two main methods:
- Fermentation: Biological breakdown of glucose using yeast in anaerobic conditions.
- Hydration of Ethene: Reacting ethene with steam at $300^\circ C$ and $60$ atm using a phosphoric acid catalyst.
For more details on manufacturing, check our Ultimate Organic Pack.
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Frequently Asked Questions
What is the general formula for the homologous series of alcohols?
The general molecular formula is $C_nH_{2n+1}OH$. This allows you to construct any member of the series by substituting '$n$' with the number of carbon atoms.
Why are alcohols considered a homologous series?
They contain the same functional group (-OH), have the same general formula, and show a graduation in physical properties (like boiling point) while possessing similar chemical properties.
How does viscosity change in the homologous series of alcohols?
As the number of carbon atoms increases, the strength of intermolecular forces increases, causing the viscosity to increase (liquids become thicker).
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