Covalent Bonding Explained Notes (O Level + IGCSE + AQA + Oxford + Edexcel)

Prof. Faisal Mehmood Janjowa
December 4, 2025 6:32 am
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Covalent Bonding Explained Notes (O Level + IGCSE + AQA + Oxford + Edexcel) Covalent Bonding Explained Notes (O Level […]

Covalent Bonding Explained Notes (O Level + IGCSE + AQA + Oxford + Edexcel)

100% Exam-Focused | Concise | Dot-Cross + Properties + Past Paper Questions | Updated 2025–2027 Syllabus

Quick 60-Second Mood Booster Song – Refresh Your Brain Before Covalent Bonding!

What is Covalent Bonding? (Exam-Ready Definition)

        Covalent bonding is the strong electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms. It occurs between non-metal + non-metal atoms.
    

Types of Covalent Bonds Asked in Exams

Type	Structure	Examples	Properties
Simple Molecular	Small discrete molecules	CO₂, H₂O, CH₄, Cl₂	Low m.p./b.p., non-conductor, insoluble in water
Giant Covalent (Macromolecular)	Giant lattice	Diamond, Graphite, SiO₂	Very high m.p., hard (except graphite), non-conductor (except graphite)

Dot & Cross Diagrams (Most Common 6-Mark Question)

H₂ → H×H (single bond = 1 shared pair)
O₂ → O::O (double bond = 2 shared pairs)
N₂ → :N≡N: (triple bond = 3 shared pairs)
CH₄, NH₃, H₂O, CO₂, CCl₄ – Must know all

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IGCSE 0620 March 2022 Paper 62 – Covalent Bonding & Structures

O Level 5070 Summer 2023 Paper 42 – Diamond vs Graphite Explained

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