Group 7 Halogens – Properties, Reactions, Colours: O Level (5070) & IGCSE (0620) Ultimate A* Guide
Master the **Group 7 Halogens** (F, Cl, Br, I) for **CAIE O-Level Chemistry 5070** and **Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry 0620**. This guide provides **concise, exam-centered definitions** on their key **physical properties**, **chemical properties**, and essential trends for securing a top grade.
A*-Grade Internal Study Hub (Maximum Relevant Internal Links):
Periodic Table Chapter (Pillars → Chapters) | Halogens Ultra Premium Notes (Syllabus → Notes) | Reactivity Module in Crash Course (Notes → Crash Course) | Formulas Applied in Crash Course (Formula sheet → Crash Course) | Solved Halogen Past Papers Notes (Past papers → Notes) | A-Grade Halogens Strategy (Tips pages → Crash Course)1. The Halogens: Core Definitions & Placement
The **Group 7 Halogens** are located in the second-to-last column of the Periodic Table (also known as **Group 17** in modern IUPAC numbering). They are all **non-metals**.
Exam-Centred Definition: Halogen
A **Halogen** is any element in **Group 7 of the periodic table** (Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, Astatine). **What property of halogens means they are in group 7**? They all have **seven valence electrons**. This makes them highly reactive, as they require only one electron to complete their outer shell and achieve a stable noble gas configuration.
Key Fact: **What do group 7 halogens normally exist as**? They exist as **diatomic molecules** ($X_2$), such as $Cl_2$, $Br_2$, and $I_2$, in their elemental state.
Learn the Periodic Table with a Hack Song!
2. Physical Properties & Observable Trends
Understanding the **physical properties of group 7 halogens** is crucial for lab work and Section A questions in the **O Level Chemistry 5070** paper.
The Trends Down Group 7 (F → I)
- **Melting and Boiling Points:** **The boiling point of group 7 halogens** and melting point **increases** down the group. **What happens to the boiling point of group 7 halogens**? It increases because the atoms get larger, leading to stronger instantaneous dipole-induced dipole forces (van der Waals forces) between molecules.
- **Colour Intensity:** The **group 7 halogens colours** get darker down the group.
- **Physical State:** Changes from gas to liquid to solid at standard temperature and pressure (S.T.P.).
Group 7 Halogens Appearance (MUST MEMORISE)
| Halogen | State (RTP) | Colour (Appearance) |
|---|---|---|
| Chlorine ($Cl_2$) | Gas | Pale Green |
| Bromine ($Br_2$) | Liquid (Volatile) | Reddish-Brown (Orange-Brown Vapour) |
| Iodine ($I_2$) | Solid | Shiny Purple-Black (Sublimes to Violet Vapour) |
3. Chemical Reactions & Reactivity Trend
The **chemical properties of group 7 halogens** are defined by their ability to act as oxidizing agents.
Reactivity: Explain the Trends in Group 7 Halogens
The **reactivity in group 7 halogens** **decreases** down the group (F > Cl > Br > I).
Explanation: To **explain the reactivity of group 7 halogens**, consider that reactivity is the tendency to gain an electron. Down the group, the atoms become larger and have more shielding electron shells. This increases the distance between the nucleus and the valence shell, making the attraction for an incoming electron weaker. Thus, Fluorine is the most reactive.
Displacement Reactions (Redox in Action)
A more reactive halogen can displace a less reactive halide ion from its aqueous salt solution. These **group 7 halogens displacement reactions** are a direct measure of the reactivity trend.
- **With Metals:** **When group 7 halogens react with metals what happens**? They form ionic salts (metal halides). $2K(s) + Br_2(l) \rightarrow 2KBr(s)$.
- **Displacement Rule:** A halogen higher up the group will displace a halogen lower down. For example, Chlorine will displace Bromine: $$Cl_2(aq) + 2NaBr(aq) \rightarrow 2NaCl(aq) + Br_2(aq)$$ (Observation: Colourless solution turns orange/brown due to Bromine formation).
Ion Identification Cheat Sheet
Don't forget the **Halide Ion tests** using Silver Nitrate ($AgNO_3$) for full marks!
4. Essential Exam Practice: Solved Papers
Practice is vital for understanding how the **group 7 halogens exam questions** are structured in your **O Level Chemistry 5070 pastpapers** and **IGCSE Chemistry 0620 solved papers**.
O Level Chemistry 5070 Solved Paper (S23)
Worked solutions for the latest CAIE Group 7 theory questions.
IGCSE 0620 Solved Practical Paper (M22)
Perfect your qualitative analysis skills, including Halide Ion identification.
- Week 1: Memorise **group 7 halogens colours** and physical states.
- Week 2: Understand the reason for the **trends in group 7 halogens** (Shielding vs. Nuclear Charge).
- Week 3: Practice **group 7 halogens displacement reactions** equations (Redox).
- Final Prep: Review the Halogens Notes and complete the module in the Crash Course.
A* Group 7 Revision Timeline
5. The Chemistry Guru: Prof. Faisal Janjowa's Crash Course
🧑🏫 Teacher Profile & Live Class Details
Professor Faisal Janjowa is The Chemistry Guru, specializing in high-yield, **exam-centered definitions** and strategic problem-solving for **IGCSE Chemistry 0620** and **O Level Chemistry 5070**.
Demo Video: Chemistry Crash Course Overview
👉 **Live Class Details:** Join the upcoming live sessions focusing on **Group 7 Halogens** practical application and complex displacement problems. Enrollment is exclusive through the **Chemistry Crash Course**!
